COSTUME AND MAKEUP AS A VITAL TOOL FOR CULTURAL AND TOURISM PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION IN NIGERIA

COSTUME AND MAKEUP AS A VITAL TOOL FOR CULTURAL AND TOURISM PROMOTION AND PRESERVATION IN NIGERIA

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Culture is the sum of attitude, customs and beliefs that distinguishes one group of people from another, transmitted through language, materials, objects, rituals, institutions and arts, transferable from one generation to the next. To this Edward Taylor contributes that; Culture is that complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society (Holt 2002).

 This in essence explains further that culture cuts across all dimensions of life as practiced by a people in a given setting and within an age. The culture of a people means a lot to them, their lives and beliefs are expressed as they live and go about their everyday businesses. This simply shows that culture conditions the communication of a people and how it proceeds among individuals, no matter how homogenous.

To this, Ngugi wa Thiong (2005) contributes that; Culture in its broadest sense, is a way of life fashioned by a people in their collective endeavor to live and come to term with their total environment. It is the sum of their arts, their science and all the social institutions, including their system of beliefs and rituals…Such values are often expressed through the people’s song, rites, these varieties of artistic activity have come to symbolize the meaning of the word, culture.

 Brackett (2004) the concept of culture has a long evolution, so dynamic in nature. The Anthropologists has an assumption that culture is generally adaptive as it provides people an adjustment to their physical and social environment, the basic or derived needs of individuals within the society, such as the need of nutrition, reproduction, comfort, safety, relaxation, clothing, shelter and growth. This simply means that culture is a learned behavior shared by a member of a society, which could be said to start when a child is born. It is culture that distinguishes human beings from other animals. To support this, Richardson Boyd states that; Culture is information capable of affecting individual’s behavior that they acquire from other members of their space through teaching, imitation and other forms of social transmission (Oghali 2015).

Costume and make up is a very important aspect of a people. The culture of a people identifiable by the kind of costume and make up they put on, as it is always the first call of attention, not only for the external covering of the body, they are unique identities particular to people, which identifies them in any gathering or location. To support this, Umuokor(2002) as quoted by Ezeajugh (2007) maintains that; Cultural Symbolism is the hallmark of the Nigerian traditional dress. It is consciously or unconsciously evolved to bear emblems unique to its owner.

Such emblems may be derived from common features in the environment, it may also be persistent contact of an ethnic groupwith some other, be a feature borrowed, appropriated and seemingly endorsed by widespread acceptance and use as one of its ethnic symbols. Oscar (2004) explains costume and make up as symbolic and carrier of information, as it concerns a people to the end. It gives expressive and explanatory information of the wearers, an aid to characterization, that in performance for instance, it speaks volume, even before the characters begin to speak or express themselves. In any event or production, the costume and make up worn speaks all about the people and the production they are involved in, it consists the total visual appearance of the character in any performance. It stands as a very important fact of a character and stands as the strongest element of the visual sense in a production.

Make up on the other hand plays a complimentary role to costume. Some make up practitioners see it as costuming; it has an innate communicative connection with the appearance of the actor. Make up is use to conceal all the exposed part, that was not concealed by the costume worn by an actor, and its form could be in liquid or solid form depending on its purpose and communicative potency.

Gillette (2001) opines that; Stage make up enhances the illusion that the actor has become the character. In almost every production. Some of the actors… do not facially resemble the challenge by providing actors with the means to change their appearance, (2004) This simply means that make up is very essential in performances, as it changes an actor into that desirable character in the world of the performance

​​​​​​​STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Culture as it concern costume and make up among many others is gradually taking another dimension, loosing its sacredness, artistic and aesthetic values, and need to be preserved and documented, before it finally go into extinction (Opus 2014).

Many ethnic groups in Nigeria, no longer recognize the fact that costume and make up goes beyond articles of beautification, despite the socio-cultural, political and economic context of Nigeria’s diverse ethnic groups. The style in which costume and make up are made into, this days, no longer represent its cultural identity, it is a sure fact that no culture grows in isolation, but not recognizing the communicative essence of costumes and make up is a difficult issue.

According to Bennett (2017), the lackadaisical attitude of this generation towards culture, especially the youths is overwhelming and degrading. Youths no longer research into the important factors that make them a member of a particular ethnic group and may wrongfully misrepresent an ideal costume and make up all in the name of celebration.

The crux of this study is to join force with preachers of good cultural identity, to show costume and make up, not as mere fashion, rather as an indispensable tool in cultural representation, showing its sustainability and transformation. So that indigenes of various ethnic groups will understand through this work that beyond aesthetics in costume and make up, there is an element of communication.

​​​​​​​OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to assess costume and makeup as a vital tool for cultural and tourism promotion and preservation in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this study are as follow:

1. To determine whether costumes have an effect on cultural promotion and preservation in Nigeria.

2. To determine whether make-up have an effect on cultural promotion and preservation in Nigeria.

3. To determine the extent to which costumes and make-up affect culture in Nigeria.

4. To examine the challenges of costume and makeup in cultural and tourism promotion and preservation in Nigeria

​​​​​​​RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions will be answered in this study:

1. Does costumes have an effect on cultural promotion and preservation in Nigeria?

2. Does make-up have an effect on cultural promotion and preservation in Nigeria?

3. To what extent do costumes and make-up affect culture in Nigeria?

4. What are the challenges of costume and makeup in cultural and tourism promotion and preservation in Nigeria?

​​​​​​​RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis will validate this study:

H0: Costumes and make-up does not have a significant effect on the promotion and preservation of culture.

H1: Costumes and make-up has significant effect on the promotion and preservation of culture.

​​​​​​​SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study on costumes and make-up as variable tools for cultural promotion and preservation will be of immense benefit to the entire people of Nigeria in the sense that it will make them see the reasons for cultural promotion through the use of costumes and make-up in other to promote and preserve their culture, it will also showcase costumes and make up as very important in performance, as a first call of attention in performance, to give character definition. Finally the study will contribute to the body of existing literature and knowledge in this field of study and provide a basis for further research.

​​​​​​​SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on costume and makeup as a vital tool for cultural and tourism promotion and preservation in Nigeria. Specifically, this study focuses on determining whether costumes have an effect on cultural promotion and preservation in Nigeria, determining whether make-up have an effect on cultural promotion and preservation in Nigeria, determining the extent to which costumes and make-up affect culture in Nigeria and examining the challenges of costume and makeup in cultural and tourism promotion and preservation in Nigeria.

​​​​​​​LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Costumes: Is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch

Make-up: These are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance of the face or fragrance and texture of the body.

Culture: the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.

Promotion: Activity that supports or encourages a cause.

Preservation; Refers to the set of activities that aims to prolong the life of a record with as little changes to the original record as possible.

Festival: Is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures.

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